Kidney sonogram3/11/2023 Each renal lobe drains at a papilla into a minor calyx, four or five of these unite to form a major calyx. Urine is produced in the renal lobes, which consists of the renal pyramid with the associated overlying renal cortex and adjacent renal columns. The renal cortex lies peripherally under the capsule while the renal medulla consists of 10-14 renal pyramids, which are separated from each other by an inward extension of the renal cortex called renal columns. The renal parenchyma has two layers: cortex and medulla. The kidney itself can be divided into renal parenchyma, consisting of renal cortex and medulla, and the renal sinus containing renal pelvis, calyces, renal vessels, nerves, lymphatics and perirenal fat. The kidney has a fibrous capsule, which is surrounded by perirenal fat. The kidney is bean-shaped with a superior and an inferior pole, anterior and posterior surfaces, and lateral and medial borders. The midportion of the kidney is often called the midpole. In adults, the normal kidney is 10-14 cm long in males and 9-13 cm long in females, 3-5 cm wide, 3 cm in antero-posterior thickness and weighs 150-260 g. The left kidney is usually slightly larger than the right. The kidneys are located on the posterior abdominal wall, with one on either side of the vertebral column, in the perirenal space. The long axis of the kidney is parallel to the lateral border of the psoas muscle and lies on the quadratus lumborum muscle. In addition, the kidneys lie at an oblique angle, that is the superior renal pole is more medial and posteriorly than the inferior pole. Due to the right lobe of the liver, the right kidney usually lies slightly lower than the left kidney.
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